ISSN print edition: 0366-6352 ISSN electronic edition: 1336-9075 Registr. No.: MK SR 9/7 Published monthly

Green synthesis of Mn doped magnetite nanoparticles using Bryophyllum Pinnatum for enhanced malachite green dye degradation

Vasanthi Srinivasan Subasini and Chinnasamy Deepa

Department of Physics, Vellalar College for Women, Thindal, Erode, India

E-mail: deepa.c@vcw.ac.in

Received: 9 December 2025  Accepted: 16 April 2026

Abstract:

The present work intended to green synthesis of Manganese (Mn)-incorporated magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles (NPs) using Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract. This study presents a novel green synthesis for Mn-Fe₃O₄ NPs. The prepared NPs exhibited significant in-vitro anticancer activity on HeLa cell line and complete degradation of Malachite green (MG) dye. XRD Analysis revealed the formation of a face-centered cubic structure with high phase purity, even in the doping content. The crystallite size was found to be 12–14 nm. The FTIR spectra depicts Fe–O bonds and suggest that the Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract contains biomolecules that act as a capping agent during nanoparticle synthesis. UV-DRS provided a band gap energy of 1.41–1.64 eV. FESEM revealed a spherical morphology, and EDX analysis confirmed the presence of Fe, Mn, and O elements. The synthesized NPs demonstrated IC₅₀ of 66.01 μg/mL in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The in-vitro anticancer activity of Mn-Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles was evaluated using the 3- [4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay against human cervical cancer cell lines. Good cytotoxic activity was achieved in the HeLa cell line with an IC₅₀ value of 54.85 μg/mL. The removal efficiency of MG dye with Mn-doped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles was determined with a high degradation rate of 99% in 60 min using UV light. The degradation pathway followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. These findings demonstrate that the biosynthesized Mn-doped magnetite NPs act as a functional agent for wastewater treatment.

Keywords: Magnetite; Bryophyllum pinnatum; Cervical cancer; Green synthesis; Photo Fenton catalyst; Pseudo first order

Full paper is available at www.springerlink.com.

DOI: 10.1007/s11696-026-04923-1

Chemical Papers 80 (8) 8873–8895 (2026)