ISSN print edition: 0366-6352 ISSN electronic edition: 1336-9075 Registr. No.: MK SR 9/7 Published monthly

Electrochemical sensor based on a nanocomposite of graphene/TiO₂/gold nanoparticles for sensitive detection of bisphenol A

Alifa Widyasari, Rudi Heryanto, Wulan T. Wahyuni, Budi R. Putra, Asmi Aris, and Munawar Khalil

Analytical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia

E-mail: wulantriws@apps.ipb.ac.id

Received: 27 November 2025  Accepted: 3 March 2026

Abstract:

Bisphenol A (BPA), a primary component of polycarbonate plastic, is prone to leaching into food and drink, posing significant health risks to humans. To address this, the current study developed a high-performance electrochemical sensor utilizing a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a graphene/titanium dioxide (TiO₂)/gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) ternary composite. Morphological characterization confirmed the successful fabrication of the material, revealing a uniform blend of hexagonal graphene sheets, square TiO₂ particles, and spherical Au nanoparticles. Electrochemical analysis by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) showed that the modified GCE significantly enhanced the BPA oxidation current compared to the bare electrode. The sensor achieved exceptional analytical performance, featuring a wide linear range of 1–300 µM, a sensitivity of 0.5747 µA µM⁻¹, and a remarkably low detection limit of 0.04 µM. Furthermore, the platform maintained its integrity in the presence of common interferences, such as bisphenol S, melamine, NaNO₃, NaCl, phenol, and ascorbic acid. Practical applications in baby milk bottles yielded recovery rates of 96–101%, validating the sensor’s robustness and its potential as a reliable tool for real-world BPA monitoring in consumer products.

Keywords: Graphenegold nanoparticles; Titanium dioxidebisphenol A; Voltammetric sensor

Full paper is available at www.springerlink.com.

DOI: 10.1007/s11696-026-04779-5

Chemical Papers 80 (6) 6477–6490 (2026)