ISSN print edition: 0366-6352 ISSN electronic edition: 1336-9075 Registr. No.: MK SR 9/7 Published monthly

Flow injection analysis of tramadol hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms with a chemiluminescence detection method

Abdul Hakeem, Naqeebullah Khan, Attiq-Ur-Rehman Kakar, Samiullah Khan, Muhammad Asghar, Khair-Un-Nisa Jaffar, Rehana Kamal, and Hira Kakar

Faculty of Basic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan

E-mail: abdulhakeemtareen93@gmail.com

Received: 19 November 2025  Accepted: 4 February 2026

Abstract:

A new FI–CL procedure for sensitive and quick detection of tramadol in pharmaceutical formulations has been designed. The reactivity of tramadol under acidic conditions and Diperiodatoargentate (III) (DPA) in alkaline solution to tris(2,2-bipyridyl) ruthenium (II) indicated a large increase in the chemiluminescent signal. The best operating conditions were 0.1 mol/L sulfuric acid, 1.0 × 10^− 5 mol/L Ru(bpy) 3 ²⁺, 0.01 mol/L KOH and 100 × 10^− 6 mol/L DPA, all of which were found to be durable. The flow rate was set at 3.0 mL per minute. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were defined as 0.004 and 0.012 mg/L, respectively, in a linearity array of 0.01–5 mg/L. The suggested procedure was used successfully for the detection of tramadol in medicines.

Graphical abstract

Keywords: Tris(2,2-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II); Ag(II) complex; Chemiluminescence; Flow injection; Tramadol hydrochloride; Pharmaceuticals

Full paper is available at www.springerlink.com.

DOI: 10.1007/s11696-026-04718-4

Chemical Papers 80 (5) 5395–5406 (2026)