ISSN print edition: 0366-6352 ISSN electronic edition: 1336-9075 Registr. No.: MK SR 9/7 Published monthly

Influence of emulsification methods on avocado seed extract encapsulation as a functional bioactive agent

Nurul Huda Fauzan Naufal Dian, Widiyastuti Widiyastuti, Heru Setyawan, and Tantular Nurtono

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya, Indonesia

E-mail: widi@its.ac.id

Received: 10 December 2025  Accepted: 17 March 2026

Abstract:

Avocado seeds, commonly discarded by-products of avocado processing, contain valuable bioactive compounds with potent antioxidant properties. However, these compounds are highly susceptible to degradation under environmental stressors, necessitating protective strategies such as encapsulation. In this study, a combined encapsulation approach integrating high-shear mixing and ultrasonic-assisted emulsification was applied during the emulsification process to evaluate their effects on encapsulation efficiency and product characteristics. The results revealed that increasing the homogenization speed while combining with ultrasonic-assisted emulsification significantly improved particle morphology, reduced droplet size, and enhanced encapsulation efficiency, with the optimal formulation achieved at a mixing speed of 13,500 rpm with ultrasonic assisted encapsulation.despite a slight reduction in encapsulation efficiency, this treatment yielded the highest antioxidant activity (98.67%) and the lowest IC₅₀ value (0.026 g/mL), indicating strong radical scavenging potential. GC–MS analysis further confirmed the presence of lipid, flavonoid, and phenolic bioactives in the encapsulated product, indicating effective protection of bioactives during short high-temperature exposure. These findings highlight the synergistic benefits of combining high-shear and ultrasonic emulsification to enhance the stability and functionality of spray-dried encapsulated avocado seed extract, providing a process-oriented framework for the design and optimization of spray-dried encapsulated bioactive systems derived from agro-industrial by-products.

Keywords: Avocado seed extract; Encapsulation; High-shear mixing; Ultrasonication

Full paper is available at www.springerlink.com.

DOI: 10.1007/s11696-026-04819-0

Chemical Papers 80 (6) 7059–7071 (2026)