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Introduction

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Theoretical

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(1)

(2)

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Mathematical modeling

Model 1

All mathematical equations should be numbered. The same applies when the equations are referred to in the text. For example, Eqns (3)–(5) were used

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(4)

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In equations, the symbols of variables must be written in italics. The sub- or superscripts should be written in normal style unless they represent a physical quantity such as pressure in the symbol of cP. The meaning of the symbols should be explained immediately below the equation.

All terminology used should comply with the recommendations of the IUPAC – www.iupac.org/reports/ and www.iupac.org/publications/. For the use of quantities, units, and symbols, the following documents are recommended:

( www.iupac.org/publications/books/gbook/green_book_2ed.pdf,

( www.iupac.org/reports/1993/homann/index.html.

A very good overview of the nomenclature in organic chemistry and biochemistry is available at www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/.

Experimental

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Results and discussion

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Table 1. Change of reactant concentrations during esterification reaction

t/min	0	5	10	30	60	240
cAA*/(mol dm-3)	2.01	1.56	1.00	0.65	0.52	0.49
cP/(mol dm-3)	5.00	4.60	3.89	3.60	3.45	3.46
*Not measured values but obtained from the material balance.

cAA – concentration of acetic acid, cP – concentration of propanol.

Tables 1–3 demonstrate the typical layouts of tables. It is recommended to use the Table tool of Word. Only tabulators, not spaces should be used to align the data. Tables 2 and 3 are the recommended formats of the presentation of extensive characterization data of newly synthesized compounds.

Schemes and charts with complex reactions and compounds, respectively, are considered figures and numbered consecutively in order of appearance in the text. Chemicals are denoted by roman numerals according to their order of appearance in the text. For illustration, Fig. 1 represents the reaction of 2H-5-amino-6-cyano-3,7-dioxothiazolo[2,3-b]pyrimidine, I, with trichloroacetonitrile, II, and with phenyl isothiocyanate, III, yielding thiazolo[2,3-b]pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine derivatives IV and V, respectively. The composition and properties of the corresponding products are summarized in Tables 2 and 3.

Fig. 1. Reactions of 2H-5-amino-6-cyano-3,7-dioxothiazolo[2,3-b]pyrimidine (I).

Table 2. Characterization data of newly prepared compounds

Compound	Formula	Mr	wi(calc.)/%

wi(found)/%	Yield	M.p.
C	H	N	S	%	°C
IV	C9H4N5O2SCl3	352.58	30.65

30.58	1.14

1.09	19.86

19.78	9.09

9.01	81	163
V	C21H14N6O2S2	446.51	56.48

56.41	3.16

3.11	18.82

18.76	14.36

14.28	86	184

Table 3. Spectral data of newly prepared compounds

Compound	Spectral data
IV	IR, /cm-1: 712 (C—Cl), 1680 (CO), 3250 (NH2)

1H NMR (DMSO-d6), (: 3.39 (s, 2H, CH2), 5.7 (br, s, 2H, NH2) D2O exchangeable

13C NMR (DMSO-d6), (: 28.3 (CH2), 129.4 (C), 131.1 (C), 164.2 (CO)

MS, m/z (Ir/%): 352 (19.8) (M+)
IV	IR, /cm-1: 1170 (C==S), 1600 (C==N), 1655 (Ph), 1676 (CO), 3348 (NH)

1H NMR (DMSO-d6), (: 4.85 (s, 1H, thiazole ring), 7.40–8.12 (m, l0H, 2Ph)

13C NMR (DMSO-d6), (: 29.3 (CH), 128.5(C), 183.2 (CS)

MS, m/z (Ir/%): 446 (56.6) (M+)

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Fig. 2. Substrate consumption at 20 °C (line 1), 30 °C (line 2), and 35 °C (line 3).

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Fig. 3. Simulated liquid phase compositions (mole fractions of methanol (() and pyridine (()) within the batch distillation column at the beginning, t = 0 h (a), and end of the mixture separation, t = 5 h (b).

Fig. 4. Variation of the dimensionless mixing time with the modified Reynolds number using pitched blade turbine.

Conclusions

This optional section contains the principal findings and descriptions of novelty presented in the manuscript. This brief summary is provided for readers who have already read the whole paper. Therefore, it should not be a re-worded abstract. Unlike an abstract, the Conclusions section may include references to figures and tables in the paper itself.

Acknowledgements. This is the style in which the acknowledgements should be written.

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This optional chapter is useful if numerous symbols are used repeatedly throughout the main text. It should be prepared in the form showed below. All symbols, names, and units of variables used throughout the manuscript must be included in alphabetic order.

Bih	dimensionless parameter (= aRP/lu)

C	molar concentration	mol m-3

cp	specific heat capacity	J kg-1 K-1

T	temperature	K

t	time	h

Greek Letters

(	heat transfer coefficient	W m-2 K-1

(p	porosity of particle

Subscripts

C	carbon

References

This chapter contains cited literature found in the main text arranged in alphabetic order regarding the first author’s surname. The form of cited articles, books, presentations at conferences, patents, monographs, etc. should comply with the APA citation style (http://apastyle.apa.org/). An inseparable part of cited literature is the respective Digital Object Identifier (DOI) number, if available.

Amato, I. (2007). Experiments of concern. Well-intentioned research, in the wrong hands, can become dangerous. Chemical & Engineering News, 85(31), 51–55.

Amazing Amazon region. (1989, January 12). New York Times, p. D11.

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new Encyclopedae Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedae Britannica.

Cudak, M., & Karcz, J. (2006). Momentum transfer in an agitated vessel with off-centred impellers. Chemical Papers, 60, 375–380. DOI: 10.2478/s11696-006-0068-y.

Grznárova, G. (2004). Transport phenomena in chromatographic bioseparations. Ph.D. thesis, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava.

Guiochon, G., Shirazi, S. G., & Katti, A. M. (1994). Fundamentals of preparative and nonlinear chromatography. Boston: Academic Press.

Hammond, T. (2000, November 20). YAHC: Handle Parameters, DOI Genres, etc. Message posted to Ref-Links electronic mailing list, archived at http://www.doi.org/mail-archive/ref-link/msg00088.html

Johnson, A. (2000). Abstract computing machines. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer. Retrieved March 30, 2006, from http://springerlink.com/content/w25154. DOI: 10.1007/b138965.

Liffers, M. (2006, August 30). Finding information in the library. Lecture notes distributed in the unit Functional Anatomy and Sports Performance 1102, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia.

Ludwig, T. (2002). PsychInquiry [computer software]. New York: Worth.

Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy. (1997). The national drug strategy: Mapping the future. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.

Onderková, Z., Bryjak, J., Vaňková, K., & Polakovič, M. (2007). Thermal stability of fructosyltransferase. In Proceedings of the 34th International Conference of Slovak Society of Chemical Engineering, May 21–25, 2007 (Po-Tu-4, 116p.pdf, pp. 1–11). Tatranské Matliare: Slovak Society of Chemical Engineering.

Osgood, D. W., & Wilson, J. K. (1990). Covariation of adolescent health problems. Lincoln: University of Nebraska. (NTIS No. PB 91-154 377/AS).

Poulsen, P. B., & Buchholz, K. (2003). History of enzymology with emphasis on food production. In J. R. Whitacker, A. G. Voragen, & D. W. S. Wong (Eds.), Handbook of food enzymology (pp. 11–20). New York: Marcel Dekker.

Sangeetha, P. T., Ramesh, M. N., & Prapulla, S. G. (2004). Production of fructo-oligosaccharides by fructosyltransferase from Aspergillus oryzea CFR 202 and Aureobasidium pullulans CFR 77. Process Biochemistry, 39, 755–760. DOI: 10.1016/S0032-9592(03)00186-9.

Sangeetha, P. T., Ramesh, M. N., & Prapulla, S. G. (2005a). Recent trends in the microbial production, analysis and application of fructooligosaccharides. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 16, 442–457. DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2005.05.003.

Sangeetha, P. T., Ramesh, M. N., & Prapulla, S. G. (2005b). Maximization of fructooligosaccharide production by two stage continuous process and its scale up. Journal of Food Engineering, 68, 57–64. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.05.022.

Sangeetha, P. T., Ramesh, M. N., & Prapulla, S. G. (2005c). Fructooligosaccharide production using fructosyl transferase obtained from recycling culture of Aspergillus oryzae CFR 202. Process Biochemistry, 40, 1085–1088. DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.03.009.

Smith, I. M. (1988). U.S. Patent No. 123,445. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Standards Association of Australia. (1997). Australian standard: Pressure equipment manufacture. AS4458-1997. North Sydney.

Stryer, L. (1988). Biochemistry (3rd ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman.

10

SINGLE COAL PARTICLE COMBUSTION IN CARBON DIOXIDE ATMOSPHERE

Palo Steltenpohl

2008-03-03

CHTF